Heart Failure Diagnosis and Treatment
Heart failure is a syndrome, not a diagnosis. How to recognise it, classify it properly, and build treatment that follows the physiology rather than the label.
Heart Failure (HFrEF)
This archive narrows to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and the disease-modifying therapy that has transformed its trajectory. Posts address the four therapeutic pillars and the practical business of starting them early, in parallel and at low dose rather than sequentially to target: renin-angiotensin and neprilysin inhibition, beta blockade, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism, and SGLT2 inhibition following DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced. Titration in hypotension, renal impairment and hyperkalaemia is covered honestly, alongside device selection, reassessment after recovery of ejection fraction, and when optimisation has genuinely failed. Structured revision is available through our heart failure and rhythm course books and the expert cardiologist bundle.
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Most acute coronary syndromes begin with disruption of a lesion that was not previously severe. Signs, symptoms, and the assessment that must not be delayed.